NCERT Solutions For Class 10th : Ch 1 The Rise Of Nationalism In Europe Social Science
Write In brief
1. Write a note on:
a) Guiseppe Mazzini
Answer
He was an Italian revolutionary ,who was born in Genoa in 1807.He was sent into exile at the age of 24 in 1831 for attempting a revolution in Liguria. He founded two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young Europe. He inspired the young members of these societies to involve in revolutionary activities.
Following his ideas and on the model of his secret societies, more such societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland. Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich once described him as ‘ the most dangerous enemy of our social order ’.
b) Count Camillio de Cavour
Answer
He was the Chief Minister of Piedmont. He was neither a democratic nor a revolutionary. But he led the movement to unify the regions of Italy. Through tact and diplomacy, he entered into an alliance with France and succeeded in defeating Austrian forces in 1859.
c) The Greek War of independence
Answer
It was a successful war waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 to 1832 against the Ottoman Empire. Greek nationalists were influenced by the idea of liberal nationalism. They were supported by the West European countries in this war of independence. Further, the poets and artists, who added romanticism to the Greek struggle of independence , participated in this war against the Ottoman empire.
With the Treaty of Constantinople in July 1832, Greece was recognised as an independent nation.
d) Frankfurt Parliament
Answer
It is the name of the German National Assembly founded during the Revolution of 1848 that tried to unite German in a democratic way. The assembly was attended by 831 deputies. The members had drafted the constitution for a new German nation. The new constitution was rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV, the King of Prussia. Though the Frankfurt Parliament failed to unite Germany, it had far-reaching consequences on Germany.
e) The role of women in nationalist struggles
Answer
A large number of women also participated in the movement for the unification of Germany. Women had formed their own political associations, started newspapers and taken part in political meetings, and demonstrations. Universal male suffrage was adopted in the country, and the women were hoping for the voting right. But when the Frankfurt Parliament was convened in the church of St Paul, women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitor’s gallery.
2.What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people ?
Answer
The French revolutionaries took the following steps to create a sense of collective identity among the French people
(i) They introduced the ideas of la patrie (the fatherland) la citizen(the citizen),emphasising the concept of a united community enjoying equal rights under a Constitution.
(ii) They chose a new French flag ,the tricolour,to replace the royal standard.
(iii) The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed the National Assembly.
(iv)In the name of the nation, new hymns were composed, oaths taken and martyrs commemorated.
(v) They established a centralised administrative system, which formulated uniform laws for all citizen.
(vi) They adopted a uniform system of weights and measures.
(vii) All internal custom duties were abolished.
(viii) They promoted the French language, as spoken and written in Paris and discouraged regional dialects.
(ix) They declared that it was the mission and destiny of the French nation to liberate people of Europe from despotism. It is meant that they would help other people of Europe to become nation-states like them.
3. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?
Answer
Marianne and Germania were the female allegories of France and German nations respectively.
Significance/importance of portraying Female Figures
The female allegories stood as personifications of the ‘Republic’ and ‘Liberty’. They were portrayed such that would instill a sense of nationality in the citizens of these countries. In France, Marianne's characteristics were drawn from those of Liberty and the Republic—the red cap, the tricolour, the chickadee. Statues of Marianne were erected in public squares to remind the public of national symbol of unity. Germania wears a crown of oak leaves which stands for heroism.
4. Briefly trace the process of German unification.
Answer
(a) The first attempt for the unification of Germany was made in 1848 through the establishment of a constitutional monarchy under the Prussian king Wilhelm IV by convening a parliament at Frankfurt. The Prussian king rejected this move and joined the other monarch to oppose the elected assembly.
(b) There were widespread nationalist feelings among the middle-class Germans, who in 1848, tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation-state.
(c) Prussia took the initiative and leadership of the movement for national unification Otto von Bismarck, the Chief Minister of Prussia, with the help of Prussian army and bureaucracy carried the process further.
(d) He fought three wars over seven years against Austria, Denmark and France, which ended in Prussian victory. This victory completed the process of German unification.
(e) Prussian king William I was proclaimed as German emperor at Versailles. Thus on 18 January, 1871, the new German empire headed by Kaiser Wilhelm of Prussia was proclaimed.
5. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Answer
Napoleon introduced the following changes to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him
(i) He established the Civil Code of 1804, also known as the Napoleonic Code. This did away with all privileges based on birth. It established equality before law and secured the right to property.
(ii) He simplified administrative divisions.
(iii) He abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(iv) In towns, guild systems were removed.
(v) Transport and communication systems were improved.
Due to the above measures, peasants, artisans, businessmen and workers enjoyed a new found freedom. Businessmen and small-scale producers realised that uniform laws, a common currency and standardised weights and measures would facilitate movement and exchange of goods between regions.
Discuss
1.Explain what is meant by the ‘1848 Revolution of the Liberals’. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals ?
Answer
By the 1848 Revolution of the Liberals, we mean, the revolution led by the educated middle classes of Europe. Events of February 1848, in France, brought about the abdication of the monarchy and a republic based on universal male franchise was formed.
The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals in 19th century were
(i) Politically, it emphasised the concept of government by consent, abolition of autocracy and special privileges.
(ii) Socially, the liberals supported the abolition of discrimination based on birth.
(iii) Economically, it stood for the abolition of trade restrictions imposed by the state.
2. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth to nationalism in Europe.
Answer
Examples of contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe are
(i) The idea of a nation can be created through stories, poems and writings. Music too can help in expressing nationalist feelings or sentiments.
(ii) Romanticism, a cultural movement which emerged in Europe, sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiments or national feelings. The main aim of Romantic artists was to create a sense of a shared collective heritage and a common cultural past.
(iii) Language also played an important role in developing the national sentiments or nationalist feeling. For example, in Poland, language began to be used as a weapon of national resistance. The wide scale use of Polish language came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against national dominance.
3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.
3. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the nineteenth century.
Answer
We will focus on the development of the German and Italian nation-states in the 19th century, considering the following points
(i) Political fragmentation. Till the middle of the 19th century, the present-day states of Germany and Italy were fragmented into separate regions and kingdoms ruled by different Princely Houses.
(ii) Revolutionary uprisings. 19th century Europe was characterised by both popular uprisings of the masses and revolutions led by the educated and liberal middle classes. In the case of the German people, the middle classes belonging to different German regions came together to form an all German National Assembly in 1848.
However, on facing opposition from the aristocracy and military and on losing its mass support base, it was forced to disband. In the Italian region, during the 1830s, revolutionaries like Giuseppe Mazzini tried to establish an Italian Republic. However, the revolutionary uprisings of 1831 and 1848 failed to unite Italy.
(iii) Unification with the help of the Army. After the failure of the revolutions, the process of unification was pursued by the aristocracy and the army in both these nations.
Germany United
Germany was united by the Prussian Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck with the help of the Prussian Army and bureaucracy. Prussia fought three wars with Austria, Denmark and France over seven years and won. It completed the process of unification. Finally, the German Empire was proclaimed in 1871.
Italy United
The Italian state of Sardinia-Piedmont played the role of uniting Italy, similar to that played by Prussia in the case of Germany.
Count Camillo de Cavour (the Chief Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont) led the movement to unite the separate states of 19th century Italy with the help of the army and an alliance with France.
The regions annexed by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Red Shirts joined with the Northern regions to form a united Italy in 1861. The Papal states joined it in 1870.
4. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Answer
History of Nationalism in Britain
Before the 18th century, different ethnic groups of people were there in the British Isles, such as English, Welsh, Scot and Irish. Each of these ethnic groups had its own cultural and political traditions. Nationalism in Britain was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. It was due to a long drawn process.
The English nation possessed the other three nations of the islands through a steady growth in property, wealth and power. Besides this, the English language, British Flag and National Anthem were promoted as national symbols to identify the nationality of the nation.
The British Parliament became the Chief instrument to curb the power of the monarchy in 1668 through a bloodless revolution. The Act of Union (1707) between England and Scotland formed the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
5. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Answer
(i) The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising the modern-day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.
(ii) The Balkan peninsula had been under the rule of the Ottoman Turks since long.
(iii) However, in the 19th century with the decline of the Ottoman Empire, the interest of major European powers increased.
(iv) In the 19th century, its European subject nationalities broke away from its control, and declared independence.
(v) As different Slavic nationalities struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkan area became an area of intense conflict.
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